Read this heart touching story:
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
General Anaesthetics
Definition of general anesthesia:
It is defined as induction of state of unconsciousness with loss of pain sensation and paralysis of skeletal muscles over the whole body.
Cardinal features of general anesthesia:
It is defined as induction of state of unconsciousness with loss of pain sensation and paralysis of skeletal muscles over the whole body.
Cardinal features of general anesthesia:
- Loss of pain sensation ( Analgesia )
- Unconsciousness
- Amnesia ( Block memory of procedure )
- Muscle relaxation and immobility ( motionless )
- Reflexes are absent
Stages of Anesthesia:
I, Stage of analgesia More details
II, Stage of delirium More details
- It starts from loss of consciousness to beginning of regular respiration.
- Excitement of patients e.g Crying, shoutig, struggling, hold breath, increase muscle tone, tightly closed jaws, vomiting, involuntary micturition and defecation.
- Tachycardia, increase BP.
- Dilated pupils.
- These all are due to sympathetic stimulation.
- Do not start operative procedure during this stage.
III, Surgical anesthesia
IV, Medullary paralysis
Labels:
amnesia,
fentanyl,
general anesthesia,
halothane,
ketamine,
loss of consciousness
Saturday, September 24, 2011
Antiarrhythmic drugs
- These drugs are used to treat or prevent irregular cardiac rhythm such as impaired conductions or abnormal automaticity.
- There are several factors that cause cardiac arrhythmias e.g MI, ischemia, mechanical injury, electrolyts and pH imbalance, drugs and neurogenic influences.
Classification:
Class I : Na+ Channel blockers ( Membrane stabilizing agents )
IA: Lengthen the AP ( right shift )
- Qunidine
- Disopyramide
- Procainamide [ used in WPW syndrome
-Suppress AV conduction
-Prolong P-R interval
-Prolong QRS, Q-T and Action potential duration
IB: Shorten the AP ( left shift)
- Lignocaine
- Mexiletine
- Phenytoin
- Propafenone
- Flecainide
- Moricizine [Also have calss III property]
Class II: B- Blockers ( Antiadrenergic agents )
- They act by blocking Catecholamine at the B- adrenergic receptors => Decrease sympathetic activity on the heart => Decreae AV node conduction.
- Propanolol (also have class I property)
- Atenolol
- Pindolol
- Sotalol
- Metoprolol / Bisoprolol
- Esmolol
- Acebutolol
- R
- Timolol
[ Remembered as Two(II) PAP SMEAR Test ]
Class III: K+ Channel blockers ( AP widening agents)
These drugs block K+ channel => Prolong repolarization and Effective refractory period (ERP). Do not block Na+ channel hence conduction velocity is not decreased => Prevent Re-entrant arrhythmias
- Bretylium
- Ibutilide
- Amiodarone
- Sotalol
- E-4031
- Dofetilide / Dronedarone
Class IV: Ca++ Channel blockers:
Block Ca++ channel=> Decrease AV node conduction and shortens plateau phase of AP => Reduce cardiac contractility. Avoid in heart failure due to decrease cardiac cantractility.
- Verapamil
- Diltiazem
Class V [ Contraindicated in Ventricular arrhythmias]
- Magnesium sulfate [Used in Torsades de Pointe]
- Adenosine [Used in Supraventricular tachycardia (SPVT)]
- Digoxin [Used in Atrial fibrillation, heart failure]
[ Antiarrhythmic agents mnemonics: One(I) Queen have Pelvic Disease, LMP was More PainFull, two(II) PAP SMEAR Test was done, and three(III) BIASED AP widening agents used are Very Dangerous and MAD]
More related topics:
More related topics:
Thursday, September 22, 2011
Lignocaine
General features of Lignocaine ( lidocaine )
- It is most widely used LA
- It is amino amide linked of local anesthetics [Other amino amide linked LAs are: Bupivacaine, Dibucaine, Etidocaine, Levobupivacaine, Prilocaine, Ropivacaine]
- It blocks nerve conduction within 3 minutes after injection.
- Lignocaine is rapid acting local anesthetics used in medical practice.
Sunday, September 11, 2011
Cor pulmonale
It is defined as right heart failure due to long standing pulmonary hypertension. Which leads to enlargement of the right ventricles and eventually right heart failure ensues.
Jugular Venous Pulse, Pressure and abnormalities
Jugular Venous Pressure is pressure of right atrium. If pressure of right atrial is high then JVP also increase if right atrial pressure is low JVP also low.
Sunday, August 14, 2011
Calcium Channel Blockers
Rate limiting calcium channel blockers ( Slow CCB )
Labels:
calcium antagonists,
calcium channel blockers,
CCB
Saturday, August 13, 2011
Mesothelioma
Definition:
It is very rare form of malignant tumour that develops from the lining of the internal organs known as mesothelium.
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Atrial Fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate
Definition:
Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is defined as abnormal irregularly irregular heart rhythm due to rapid, chaotic, asynchronous and incordinated atrial contraction.
Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is defined as abnormal irregularly irregular heart rhythm due to rapid, chaotic, asynchronous and incordinated atrial contraction.
Tuesday, July 12, 2011
Which cranial nerves are found in the Midbrain (Mesencephalon)?
A, Optic nerve
B, Oculomotor nerve
C, Trochlear nerve
D, Abducens nerve
Thursday, July 7, 2011
E-book and FIle
DOWNLOAD FOLLOWING LINK:
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http://j.gs/770453/v
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http://q.gs/770453/w7
http://j.gs/770453/v
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Tuesday, June 28, 2011
What is the clinical significance of lower uterine segment?
It is the part of Uterus important for lower segment Cesarean section ( LSCS or LUSCS ). Clinical significant of this part is:
Saturday, June 25, 2011
Thursday, June 16, 2011
What is the most presentation common in anencephaly?
What is the most common presentation in anencephaly?
Wednesday, June 15, 2011
Metformin ( Biguanide ) contraindications
Metformin Contraindications:
Labels:
pharmacology mcq quizzes
B- Blocker contraindications, cuation mnemonics
1, B- blocker Contraindications mnemonics
Labels:
PHARMACOLOGY MNEMONICS
Sunday, June 12, 2011
Diastolic Blood pressure measured at
Diastolic Blood Pressure measured at
Labels:
mcq quizzes,
Miscellaneous quizzes
Saturday, June 11, 2011
Friday, June 10, 2011
Sunday, May 22, 2011
Oesophagus related MCQ
This is all about oesophagus and related MCQ.
Labels:
Gastrointestinal system
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
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iac disease
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what is the clinical significance of lower segment cesarean section?
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What is the clinical significance of lower uterine segment?
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which cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?
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why pregnancy is diabetogenic
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